Biota

Histopathological Effects of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Decoction on Betta Fish (Betta sp.) Liver

Wiwin Ariesti — 2024-12-31

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel contains bioactive compounds known for their health benefits, yet potential toxicity at certain doses remains a concern. This study evaluates the histopathological effects of mangosteen peel decoction on the liver of Betta fish (Betta sp.), a sensitive model organism. Mangosteen peel decoction was prepared and administered to Betta fish at concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 ppm, with a control group receiving no treatment. Fish were observed for changes in swimming activity and appetite over five days. Liver tissues were collected, processed, and analyzed histologically to assess tissue damage including vacuolization, pyknosis, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Behavioral analysis indicated a dose-dependent reduction in swimming activity and appetite in treated groups. Histopathological examination revealed significant liver damage across all treatment groups, with higher concentrations of decoction correlating with increased hemorrhage, pyknosis, and necrosis. Vacuolization was highest in the control group and lowest in the 50-ppm group. The overall hepatic damage was categorized as moderate, with the control group showing the least damage. Mangosteen peel decoction induced significant hepatic damage in Betta fish, highlighting the cytotoxic effects at higher doses. The observed behavioral and histopathological changes underscore the need for careful consideration of decoction concentrations to avoid adverse effects in aquatic organisms. This study provides crucial insights into the toxicological impacts of mangosteen peel decoction on fish liver health, emphasizing the importance of dose regulation in practical applications. Further research is recommended to explore protective measures and alternative treatments to mitigate liver damage.

Phenology of Flowing and Fruiting in Rukam Growth (Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi)

Agustara Dwi Juwita — 2024-12-31

Rukam is one of the fruiting plants that grow wild in the forest or are planted. Excessive utilization without cultivation efforts triggers a decrease in the population of a species in nature until a species disappears from nature. Flacourtia rukam has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2023. Flacourtia rukam is listed as Least Concern. Therefore, knowledge of flower and fruit development is needed to determine the effectiveness of production on rukam plants through phenological studies. This study was conducted to obtain information through morphological changes that occur and the length of time required during the flowering process to fruit formation on rukam. This research was conducted by directly observing and measuring the parts of the inflorescence from the process of fruit formation until the fruit ripenning. The results showed that the morphological structure of rukam flowers is incomplete. The phenology of rukam flowering and fruiting takes 56 - 61 days starting with the flower initiation phase and ending with the mature fruit phase. The stages of morphological changes in flower development can be divided into initiation, small flower buds, large flower buds, and blooming flowers (anthesis). While the stages of morphological changes in fruit, color and size can be divided into young fruit, mature fruit, ripe fruit, and deciduous fruit. All stages of color change occur during the fruit ripening process

Macroscopic Fungi in Grassland and Rubber Plantation Habitat Types in Special Purpose Forest Areas of Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Indonesia

Elsa Lenia Lefi — 2024-12-31

In addition to secondary natural forests, other habitat types that also exist in the Special Purpose Forest Area of Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (KHDTK ULM) are grasslands and rubber plantations. While previous studies have documented macroscopic fungal species in secondary natural forests, there has been no documentation on fungi in the last two habitat types. This study aimed to analyze macroscopic fungal species present in these two habitat types and the substrates they inhabit. Fungal species and their substrates were recorded on a 250 m x 8 m track between May and September 2024. Each track was placed at threelocations representing grasslands and three locations representing rubber plantations. In total, ten fungal species were found in grasslands and 7 species in rubber plantations. The similarity index of the fungal communities in the two habitats was categorized as very low (23.53%). Additionally, more fungal species were found on substrates such as dead trunks (rotten wood) compared to those found in the soil

Analysis of Biomass Organic and Inorganic Carbon Stocks in Silokek Karst Geopark Area, Sijunjung Regency

Vera Pertiwi — 2024-12-31

Climate change caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, and deforestation, is an urgent global issue. The REDD+ program initiated by the UN aims to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon storage in forests. This research aims to measure and analyze biomass and organic and inorganic carbon reserves in the Silokek Geopark area, Sijunjung Regency. The method used in this research is non-destructive sampling and using a destructive sampling method. Transects were carried out using the transect method using purposive sampling and were made in 10 plots 100 m long with square plots measuring 10x10 m for trees, 5x5 m for saplings, and 2x2 m for undergrowth. Next, the limestone samples used the chip sampling method and XRF analysis. The research results showed that the total organic biomass was 326,748 tons/ha, carbon reserves were 153,571 tons/ha, and carbon absorption was 563,607 tons/ha, which is categorized as high. The inorganic carbon content in the Silokek Geopark karst area is 4,908.07 tons/ha and inorganic carbon absorption is 18,012.60 tons/ha

Hatching Ratio and Larval Development of Aedes aegypti Eggs in Different Growth Media

M Ali Azis Hasan Rizki — 2024-12-31

Aedes aegypti is a mosquito species primarily known as the vector for dengue fever. The Hatching and development larval of Aedes agypti are crtical factors in mosquito control strategies and reducing dengue fever transmission. This study aims to investigate the effects of different water media on the hatching rate and development of Aedes aegypti from egg to adult stage. Three type of water from well water, treated tap water (PDAM) and staw soaked water were used in the experiment. The selection of water sources was based on their distinct physical and chemical properties, representing common environmental condition where Aedes aegypti may breed. Straw soak water was incorporated to simulate organic rich aquatic environments, often characterized by the presence of decomposing plant material. Such conditions are known provide a nutrient rich medium that facilitates mosquito egg hatching and larval development. Eggs were placed in each water type, and observations were carried out at hatching rate and larval development. The result revealed that the straw soaked water had the highest hatching rate 100% and the development time 6 days from egg to adult, well water show a hatching rate 67% with a longer development period of 7 days and no hatching and larval developmet in tap water (PDAM). This study shows that various types of water media affect the hatching success and developmental rates of Aedes aegypti. However, these effects are limited to the specific water types used in the experiment and should not be assumed to apply to all water quality conditions. Future research is recommended to explore other water quality parameters and their potential impact on the mosquito life cycle

Identification of the Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) in Red Macro Algae (Gracilia sp) In the waters of Tanjung Luar, East Lombok

Almahera Almahera — 2024-12-31

Tanjung Luar Village is located in Keruak District, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, is a densely populated body of water human activity. In Tanjung Luar waters, household and ship waste dumped directly into the sea, polluting the local ecosystem. this condition important because people in the area consume a lot of produce marine catches, including red macroalgae (Gracilaria Sp). If Gracilaria Sp. is contaminated with levels of the heavy metal lead (Pb) that exceed threshold of 0.2 mg/kg, can be dangerous to human health impact on the nervous system, urinary system, endocrine system, problems gastrointestinal, and a very high risk of cancer. That thing based on BPOM Regulation No. 23 of 2017 (<0.2 mg/kg) for consumption materials. Therefore pollution and controlling the use of the heavy metal lead (Pb) important, especially in waters that play a supporting role life and food of local communities. The aim of this research is to determine the levels of the heavy metal lead (Pb) contained in the sample red macroalgae (Gracilaria Sp.) in Tanjung Luar Waters. Purposeful research to provide an overview and explanation of the issues discussed. This research uses the wet digestion method to identify heavy metal lead (Pb) of Gracilaria sp in waters Tanjung Luar, East Lombok. Next, levels of the heavy metal lead (Pb) were tested with ICP-OES spectrophotometry. With this method, researchers can identify the concentration of the heavy metal lead (Pb) in Gracilaria Sp. with a high level of accuracy. The results of the study showed that all sampling points of Gracilaria sp. did not exceed the threshold, which was less than 2 mg/kg. where at the sampling location point 1 had Pb concentrations of 0.072 ppm (location A), 0.063 ppm (location B), 0.057 ppm (location D), 0.051 ppm (location E) and 0.046 ppm (location F). for point 2 had Pb concentrations of 0.096 ppm (location A), 0.083 ppm (location B), 0.071 ppm (location C), 0.065 ppm (location E) and 0.059 ppm (location F). for point 3, the Pb concentrations were respectively 0.142 ppm (location A), 0.108 ppm (location C), 0.097 ppm (location D), 0.084 ppm (location E) and 0.070 ppm (location F)